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Robert Cloninger, M.D. of the the School of Psychiatry at the Washington University of St. Louis originated the “How Spiritual Are You?” quiz which appeared in abbreviated form in a 2004 edition of Time Magazine,1 and also on the website of Michael A. Toth, Ph.D. for use in a graduate Sociology of Religion class at Portland University. [PDF]

The "How Spiritual Are You" test was adapted from the Temperament and Character Inventory, a 240-question personality test developed by Cloninger at Sansone Center for Family Wellness, a psychiatric research center at Washington University. The "self-transcendence" sub-scale reportedly measures "what allows us to have the kind of experience described as religious ecstasy," according to Cloninger.